Adam Smith

Eamonn Butler

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Arabic Language Translation Copyright 2014 Hindawi Foundation
for Education and Culture.
Adam Smith
Copyright Eamonn Butler 2007.
All rights reserved.

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(1) Gavin Kennedy is Professor Emeritus at Heriot-Watt University

and author of Adam Smiths Lost Legacy, published by Palgrave Macmillan
in 2005.

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(1) The Wealth of Nations, Book IV, ch. III, part II, p. 493, para. c9.
(Page numbers in the notes refer to The Glasgow Edition of the Works and
)Correspondence of Adam Smith. See Select Bibliography.
(2) The Theory of Moral Sentiments, part I, ch. I, p. 9, para. 1.
(3) The Wealth of Nations, Book IV, ch. IX, part II, p. 687, para. 51.

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(1) E. G. West, Adam Smith: The Man and His Works, Liberty Fund,
Indianapolis, IN, 1976, p. 31.
(2) R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner, Adam Smith, Croome Helm, London, 1982, pp. 9-10.
(3) The Wealth of Nations, Book V, ch. I, part III, article II, p. 761, para.
f8.
(4) Ibid., Book V, ch. I, part III, article II, p. 764, para. f15.
(5) Letter to David Hume dated 5 July 1764.
(6) D. Stewart, Account of the life and writings of Adam Smith LLD,
1794, in The Glasgow Edition, vol. III, note K, pp. 34950.
(7) Campbell and Skinner, Adam Smith, pp. 200203.

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(1) A point made neatly by P. J. ORourke, On The Wealth of Nations,

Atlantic Monthly Press, New York, 2006, pp. 7-8.
(2) Wealth of Nations, Book I, ch. I, p. 13, para. 1.
(3) Ibid., Book I, ch. I, p. 22, para. 11.
(4) Ibid., Book I, ch. I, p. 22, para. 10.
(5) Ibid., Book I, ch. II, pp. 267, para. 12.

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(6) The Theory of Moral Sentiments, part VI, section I.
(7) The Wealth of Nations, Book I, ch. III.
(8) Ibid., Book I, ch. IV.
(9) Ibid., Book I, ch. V.
(10) Ibid., Book I, ch. VI, p. 65, para. 1.
(11) Ibid., Book I, ch. V, p. 49, para. 4.
(12) Ibid., Book I, chs VXI.
(13) Ibid., Book I, ch. VI.
(14) Ibid., Book I, ch. VII.
(15) Ibid., Book I, ch. VIII, p. 84, para. 13.
(16) Ibid., Book I, ch. VIII, p. 96, para. 36.
(17) Ibid., Book I, ch. X, part II, p. 145, para. 27.
(18) Ibid., Book I, ch. X, part II, p. 145, para. 30.
(19) Ibid., Book I, ch. X, part II, p. 146, para. 31.
(20) Ibid., Book I, ch. X.
(21) Ibid., Book II, ch. I.
(22) Ibid., Book I, ch. IX, p. 105, para. 3.
(23) Ibid., Book I, ch. XI.
(24) Ibid., Book I, ch. XI.
(25) Ibid., Book I, ch. XI, p. 267, para. 10.
(26) Ibid., Book II, ch. II.
(27) Ibid., Book II, ch. II.
(28) Ibid., Book II, ch. II, p. 339, para. 20.
(29) Ibid., Book II, ch. III. p. 342, para. 30.
(30) Ibid., Book II, ch. III, p. 346, para. 36.
(31) Ibid., Book II, ch. III, p. 343, para. 31.
(32) Ibid., Book II, ch. V.
(33) Ibid., Book II, ch. V, p. 360, para. 7.

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(34) Ibid., Book III, ch. IV.
(35) Ibid., Book IV, ch. I.
(36) Ibid., Book IV, ch. II.
(37) Ibid., Book IV, ch. II, p. 458, para. 15.
(38) Ibid., Book IV, ch. II, p. 456, para. 10.
(39) Ibid., Book IV, ch. III, part II, p. 493, para. c8.
(40) Ibid., Book IV, chs IV and V.
(41) Ibid., Book IV, ch. V, p. 520, para. 32.
(42) Ibid., Book IV, ch. VII.
(43) Ibid., Book IV, ch. VIII, p. 660, para. 49.
(44) Ibid., Book IV, ch. IX, p. 687, para. 51.
(45) Ibid., Book IV, ch. IX, p. 687, para. 50.
(46) Ibid., Book V, ch. I, part II, p. 710, para. c2.
(47) Ibid., Book V, ch. I, part II, p. 715, para. 12.
(48) Ibid., Book V, ch. II, part I, p. 824, para. a18.
(49) Ibid., Book V, ch. I, part II, p. 719, para. 20.
(50) Ibid., Book IV, ch. I, part III, p. 723, para. c1.
(51) Ibid., Book V, ch. I, part III, p. 782, para. f50.
(52) Ibid., Book V, ch. I, part III, article II, p. 760, para. f5.
(53) Ibid., Book V, ch. I, part III, article II, pp. 7878, para. f60.
(54) Ibid., Book V, ch. II, part II, appendix to articles I and II, p. 861,
para. h12.
(55) Ibid., Book V, ch. II, part II, p. 827, para. b6.
(56) Ibid., Book V, ch. II, article II, pp. 8489, para. f8.
(57) Ibid., Book V, ch. III.
(58) Ibid., Book V, ch. I, part II, article I, p. 744, para. e22.

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(1) The Theory of Moral Sentiments, part I, section I, ch. I, p. 9,

para. 1.
(2) Ibid., part I, section I, ch. II.
(3) Ibid., part I, section I, ch. V, p. 25, para. 5.
(4) Ibid., part I, section II.
(5) Ibid., part II, section I, chs III and IV.
(6) Ibid., part II, section I, ch. IV.
(7) Ibid., part II, section I, ch. V, p. 77, para. 10.
(8) Ibid., part II, section II, ch. III.
(9) Ibid., part II, section III, chs I and II.
(10) Ibid., part II, section II, ch. III, p. 86, para. 3.
(11) Ibid., part II, section II, ch. I.
(12) Ibid., part II, section II, ch. II.
(13) Ibid., part III, ch. I.
(14) Ibid., part III, ch. II.
(15) Ibid., part III, ch. III, pp. 1367, para. 4.
(16) Ibid., part III, ch. III.
(17) Ibid., part III, ch. IV, p. 159, paras 7-8.
(18) Ibid., part III, ch. V.
(19) Ibid., part V, ch. I, and ch. II, p. 200, para. 1.

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(20) Ibid., part IV, ch. I.
(21) Ibid., part IV, ch. I, pp. 1834, para. 10.
(22) Ibid., part IV, ch. I, pp. 1845, para. 10.
(23) Ibid., part VI, section I, ch. I.
(24) Ibid., part VI, Conclusion, p. 263, para. 3.
(25) Ibid., part VI, section I, ch. I.
(26) Ibid., part VI, section I, ch. II.
(27) Ibid., part VI, section III, ch. III, p. 235, para. 3.
(28) Ibid., part VI, section II, ch. II, p. 229, para. 4.
(29) Ibid., part VI, section II, ch. II, pp. 2334, para. 17.

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(1) The History of Astronomy, section I.

(2) Ibid., section II.
(3) Ibid., section IV.
(4) Ibid., section IV, 8, p. 59.
(5) Ibid., section IV, 76, p. 105 (see also section II, 12, p. 46).
(6) Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, Lecture 3, v.19v.24, pp.
10-11, and Considerations Concerning the First Formation of Languages,
12, p. 209.
(7) Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, Lecture 5, v.53, p. 23.
(8) Ibid., Lecture 6.
(9) The Glasgow Edition contains two versions, one a report of the
17623 session, and another dated 1766.
(10) Lectures on Jurisprudence, Report dated 1766, p. 398.
(11) Ibid., Report of 17623, Lecture of 24 December 1762.
(12) Karl Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy, ch. 2, Second Observation.
(13) Lectures on Jurisprudence, Report of 17623, Lecture of 29 March
1763, pp. 3412.
(14) Ibid., Report of 17623, Lecture of 29 March 1763, p. 348.
(15) Ibid., Report dated 1766, p. 487.

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(16) Ibid., Report dated 1766, p. 511. He makes the same point at
Report of 17623, Lecture of 13 April 1763, p. 390.
(17) Ibid., Report dated 1766, p. 514.

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(1) The Theory of Moral Sentiments, part IV, ch. I, pp. 1845, para. 10.
(2) The Wealth of Nations, Book IV, ch. II, p. 456, para. 9.
(3) Ibid., Book I, ch. I, p. 22, para. 11.
(4) I am grateful to Professor Gavin Kennedy for this observation.
(5) See F. A. Hayek, Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1967, ch. 6, The results of human action but
not of human design, pp. 96105. For a readable overview, see E. Butler,

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Hayek: His Contribution to the Political and Economic Thought of Our Time,
Temple Smith, London, 1983, ch. 1, Understanding how society works.
(6) Hayek, Studies in Philosophy, ch. 4, Notes on the evolution of rules
of conduct, pp. 6681.
(7) See Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres.
(8) The Theory of Moral Sentiments, part II, section II, ch. III.

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J. Haggarty, The Wisdom of Adam Smith, Liberty Fund, Indianapolis, IN,

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( 1)
Bryce, J. C. (ed.) (1985), Lectures on Rhetoric and Belle Lettres, Indianapolis,
IN: Liberty Fund.
Campbell, R. H., and A. S. Skinner (eds) (1982), An Inquiry into the Nature
and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund.
Haakonssen, K., and A. S. Skinner (2003), Index to the Works of Adam
Smith, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund.
Meek, R. I., D. D. Raphael and P. G. Stein (eds) (1982), Lectures on
Jurisprudence, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund.
Mossner, E. C., and I. S. Ross (eds) (1987), Correspondence of Adam Smith,
revised edn, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund.
Raphael, D. D., and A. L. Macfie (eds) (1984), The Theory of Moral
Sentiments, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund.
Wightman, W. P. D., and J. C. Bryce (eds) (1982), Essays on Philosophical
Subjects, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund (this volume includes Dugald
Stewarts Account of the life and writings of Adam Smith LLD).

( 2)
Haggarty, J. (1976), The Wisdom of Adam Smith, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty
Fund (collection of key quotations from Smiths works).
Heilbroner, R. L., with L. J. Malone (1986), The Essential Adam Smith, Oxford: Oxford University Press (abridged version of Smiths main writing, with introductory notes).

( 3)
Buchan, J. (2006), Adam Smith and the Pursuit of Perfect Liberty, London:
Profile Books (arguing that Smiths ideas do not fit within modern
political categories).
Campbell, R. H., and A. S. Skinner (1982), Adam Smith, London: Croome
Helm (biography with clear summaries of Smiths main works).
Fry, M. (ed.) (1992), Adam Smiths Legacy, London: Routledge (Smiths
place in modern economics, as seen by Paul Samuelson, Franco
Modigliani, James Buchanan and other prominent economists).
Kennedy, G. (2005), Adam Smiths Lost Legacy, London: Palgrave
Macmillan (focusing on Smiths moral philosophy, Kennedy argues
that Smith is often misinterpreted today).
McLean, I. (2006), Adam Smith: Radical and Egalitarian, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (the title says it all).
ORourke, P. J. (2006), On The Wealth of Nations, New York: Atlantic
Monthly Press (witty but perceptive summary of Smiths main ideas).
Rae, J. (1895), Life of Adam Smith, London: Macmillan (engaging biography, also reprinted in 1965 with an introduction by Jacob Viner).
Ross, I. S. (1995), The Life of Adam Smith, Oxford: Oxford University Press
(full-scale biography by a leading Smith scholar).

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West, E. G. (1976), Adam Smith: The Man and His Works, Indianapolis, IN:
Liberty Fund (excellent overview of Smiths life and contribution).

( 4)
Rosten, L. (1970), A modest man named Smith, in People I Have Loved,
Known, or Admired, New York: McGraw-Hill.
Sprague, E. (1967), Adam Smith, in P. Edwards (ed.), The Encyclopaedia of
Philosophy, London and New York: Collier Macmillan (straightforward
and concise exposition, concentrating on Smiths moral philosophy).

( 5)
Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations, Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund.

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(1) At the time of writing Craig Smith was British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Politics at the University of Glasgow.
By the time of publication he will be lecturer in the Department of Moral
Philosophy at the University of St Andrews.

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