Goethean฀Science฀&฀Design A฀phenomenological฀approach฀to฀understanding whole฀forms฀in฀both฀nature฀and฀the฀‘built’฀world The฀Elements฀were฀understood฀as฀divinities฀or฀archetypal฀creative฀ powers฀that฀allowed฀the฀Oneness฀of฀Life฀to฀differentiate฀itself฀ into฀the฀particular฀forms฀of฀life.฀Therefore,฀to฀understand฀the฀unity฀ that฀gives฀rise฀to฀multiplicity฀it฀is฀necessary฀to฀employ฀the฀ full฀range฀of฀elemental฀thinking. French฀philosopher฀Gaston฀Bachelard฀argued฀that฀ when฀science฀abrogated฀its฀connection฀with฀the฀ tradition฀of฀the฀Elements฀it฀took฀the฀irst฀step฀toward฀ an฀objective฀(analytical)฀science.฀He฀wrote: I฀think฀I฀am฀justiied฀in฀characterizing฀the฀four฀elements฀as฀ the฀hormones฀of฀imagination.฀They฀activate฀groups฀of฀ images,฀They฀help฀in฀assimilating฀inwardly฀the฀reality฀that฀ is฀dispersed฀among฀forms. .. .. .. .. .. Non- .. .. .. .. .. .. Sensing earth .. Bortoft฀circa฀1937- Evaluative Intuition Polanyi฀1891-1976 .. quantities .. Bachelard฀1884-1962 .. Jung฀1875-1961 Thinking Evaluative Kant฀1724-1804 .. air fire qualities Feeling water The฀water,฀air฀and฀ire฀modes฀of฀thought฀ are฀reached฀through฀the฀clear฀observation฀ and฀rational฀consciousness฀of฀Earth,฀ which฀is฀what฀makes฀this฀approach฀the฀ pathway฀of฀the฀scientist฀and฀not฀the฀mystic water-thinking Water฀thinking฀is฀luid,฀temporal฀thinking;฀we฀think฀ growth฀or฀luid฀movement.฀Polanyi฀calls฀this฀participatory/฀active฀thinking฀‘tacit฀knowing’.฀Feeling฀refers฀ to฀our฀ability฀to฀‘feel’฀another฀organism฀and฀its฀form฀as฀ formative฀movment.฀Sculptural฀thinking. Feeling Non- Evaluative Thinking fire-thinking Intuition Earth฀thinking฀separates฀the฀world฀ into฀discrete฀objects฀that฀can฀be฀ counted,฀measured฀and฀weighed.฀The฀ objective฀is฀certainty฀or฀provability฀of฀ objective฀knowledge฀and฀the฀establishment฀of฀facts฀and฀theories.฀Analytical฀ thinking. S e n si n g earth-thinking Evaluative Characteristics of the four modes of thought Fire฀thinking฀transcends฀materiality฀ completely฀and฀seeks฀to฀understand฀ the฀pure,฀creative,฀originating฀force฀ that฀precedes฀physical฀form.฀The฀ creative฀‘whole’฀of฀the฀phenomenon฀is฀ experienced;฀such฀as฀Goethe’s฀archetypal฀plant.฀Creative฀beholding/Intuitive฀ thinking. air-thinking Air฀thinking฀interprets฀the฀luid฀movement฀of฀the฀previous฀stage฀into฀‘gesture’฀or฀‘music’.฀Bachelard฀writes฀that฀ this฀mode฀of฀thinking฀overcomes฀materiality.฀A฀void฀is฀left฀ through฀the฀act฀of฀cognition฀making฀space฀for฀the฀phenomenon฀to฀appear฀as฀itself.฀Passive฀or฀receptive฀thinking from฀Nigel฀Hoffmann฀Goethean฀Science฀of฀Living฀Form Nigel฀Hoffmann฀in฀Goethe’s฀Science฀of฀Living฀ Form฀says฀“science฀presumes฀that฀the฀totality฀of฀world phenomena฀can฀be฀brought฀within฀the฀framework of฀a฀single฀way฀of฀thinking.฀However,฀the฀ancient wisdom฀of฀‘like฀knows฀like’฀recognizes฀a฀primary qualitative฀relationship฀between฀the฀knower฀and฀the thing฀which฀is฀being฀known...”฀ “...The฀task฀of฀a฀genuine฀life฀science฀is฀to฀understand฀ the฀different฀gestures฀or฀dispostions฀of฀knowing฀ which฀are฀available฀to฀it฀and฀determine฀the฀relationship฀ of฀these฀ways฀of฀knowing฀to฀the฀phenomenon฀under฀ consideration...the฀elements฀are฀a฀way฀of฀entering฀into฀ different฀dispositions฀of฀thinking.” Can฀Goethe’s฀method฀for฀observing฀natural phenomena฀and฀understanding฀their innate฀lawfulness/unity฀be฀integrated฀into design฀process฀as฀a฀way฀of฀creating฀ more฀appropriate฀and฀responsible฀form? 1.฀What฀is฀Goethean฀Science?฀ A฀rigorous฀method฀of฀observation฀whose฀aim฀is฀ the฀comprehension฀of฀a฀‘whole’฀organism฀ or฀phenomena.฀(The฀ability฀to฀perceive฀wholes) This฀understanding฀enables฀one฀to฀see฀the฀ way฀things฀belong฀together฀and฀to฀see฀why฀they฀ are฀together฀as฀they฀are.฀(through฀relationship) ฀ It฀combines฀the฀‘outer’฀act฀of฀sensory-based observation฀(self-less฀immersion)฀with the฀rigorous฀inner฀work฀of฀relection฀and฀ imagination.฀The฀result฀is฀a฀deep฀understanding฀of฀the฀whole฀phenomenon...an฀‘intuitive฀ knowing’฀or฀merging฀with฀its฀essence. Goethe’s฀process฀is฀often฀considered฀the฀precursor฀to฀Phenomenology. ฀ A฀path฀of฀learning฀to฀‘see’฀the฀‘unity’฀of฀things.฀ A฀way฀of฀understanding฀‘wholeness’. Intrinsic฀to฀this฀understanding฀is฀the฀relationship฀between฀parts฀and฀wholes. A฀qualitative,฀contextual฀science. ฀ The฀Research฀Question: Is฀it฀possible฀to฀incorporate฀this฀type฀of ‘intuitive฀knowing’฀into฀the฀design฀process? How฀is฀it฀likely฀to฀change฀the฀way฀in฀which designers฀‘see’฀problems,฀frame฀them within฀a฀context฀and฀set฀about฀solving฀them? ฀ Johann฀Wolfgang฀von฀Goethe฀1749฀—฀1832 Art Science supplies฀information฀about฀ the฀world฀around฀us... Science Art Design is฀our฀response฀ to฀this฀information... uses฀the฀information฀to฀shape฀the฀ lows฀of฀energy฀and฀matter฀ (from฀the฀world฀around฀us)฀to฀meet฀ human฀concerns. Emphasis on quantities (outer) > Focuses on ‘parts’ Reductionist methodology Nature as resource Possible = desireable Accepts only sense-based ‘facts’ Old Paradigm Science Design One has mirroed the other New Paradigm > Integration of qualities (inner) Focuses on ‘wholes’/relationships Holistic methodology Nature as greater context for design Possible = desireable Accepts ‘inner’ information as valid Integration฀of฀‘inner’฀and฀‘outer’฀processes as฀a฀way฀of฀validating฀qualitative฀experience. Goethe’s฀way฀of฀science...moved฀away฀from฀ a฀quantitative,฀materialist฀approach฀to฀ things฀in฀nature฀and฀emphasized,฀instead,฀ an฀intimate,฀irsthand฀encounter฀between฀ student฀and฀thing฀studied. ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ —David Seamon ฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀Goethe’s฀Way฀of฀Science ...Goethe฀relies฀on฀the฀metaphor฀of฀seeing.฀ Understanding,฀he฀believed,฀is฀not฀so฀ much฀a฀discursive,฀explanatory฀process฀as฀a฀ moment฀of฀seeing—what฀he฀called฀ ‘apercu’฀or฀‘insight’.฀Once฀this฀insight฀is฀ attained,฀its฀formal฀elaboration฀in฀discursive฀ or฀mathematical฀terms฀is฀of฀strictly฀ secondary฀interest. ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ —Arthur Zajonc ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ Goethe’s฀Way฀of฀Science ...it฀is฀useless฀to฀attempt฀to฀express฀the฀nature฀of฀ a฀thing฀abstractly.฀Effects฀we฀can฀perceive,฀ and฀a฀complete฀history฀of฀those฀effects฀would,฀in฀ fact,฀suficiently฀deine฀the฀nature฀of฀the฀thing฀ itself.฀We฀should฀try฀in฀vain฀to฀describe฀a฀man’s฀ character,฀but฀let฀his฀acts฀be฀collected฀and฀ an฀idea฀of฀the฀character฀will฀be฀presented฀to฀us... ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀—Goethe Sense฀perception฀can฀be฀understood฀neither฀ by฀natural฀science฀as฀it฀is฀practiced฀today,฀ which฀studies฀only฀‘external฀objects,’฀nor฀by฀ psychology,฀which฀studies฀only฀‘inner฀ experiences’...฀ ...the฀Cartesian฀split฀completely฀blocks฀the฀ path฀to฀understanding.฀Only฀a฀mode฀of฀ thought฀that฀overcomes฀this฀split฀and฀ perceives฀the฀unity฀of฀‘outside’฀and฀‘inside’฀ in฀all฀our฀everyday฀perceptions฀can฀gain฀ insight฀into฀this฀problem. ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ —Walter Heitler Goethe’s฀Way฀of฀Science Reality฀presents฀itself฀to฀us฀from฀2฀sides: 1. Through Sense Perception (observing) Outer > < Goethean Method Delicate฀Empiricism Phenomenology Radical฀Empirical Observation 2. Through Inner Participation (relecting) Through a synthesis of inner and outer, we can come to ‘know’ a phenomenon (associating) Inner Exact฀Sensorial Fantasie Apercu฀or฀moment of฀insight Phenomenological Intuiting Phenomenological Disclosure;฀‘aha’ ‘Wholeness’฀is฀dynamic.฀ ฀It฀cannot฀be฀found฀within฀‘objects’ Goethe฀saw฀‘the฀whole฀phenomena’฀as฀a฀ process฀of฀coming฀into฀being฀over฀time. Dynamic,฀temporal฀relationships฀are the฀basis฀of฀‘authentic฀wholes’... < > Goethe’s฀concept฀of฀‘Bildung’฀or฀‘coming into฀being’฀emphasizes฀the฀progressive฀ nature฀of฀this฀process. The฀ability฀to฀imagine฀the฀‘coming฀into฀ being’฀of฀a฀phenomena฀enables฀us฀to฀perceive฀ relationships฀and฀patterns฀which฀otherwise฀ remain฀hidden. Ultimately,฀we฀grasp฀the฀‘essence’฀of฀the฀ entity;฀we฀come฀to฀know฀the฀whole฀by฀going฀ into฀the฀parts. Such฀a฀time฀form฀can฀only฀manifest฀through฀ continuous฀change,฀not฀as฀a฀separate฀ object,฀but฀only฀as฀the฀quality฀of฀an฀object฀or฀a฀ type฀of฀form.฀The฀phenomena฀is฀always becoming฀in฀order฀to฀remain฀it-self฀and฀the฀ relationships฀between฀the฀snapshots฀in฀time฀ constitute฀the฀‘whole’. The฀forms฀of฀life฀are฀not฀inished฀works฀but฀ are฀always฀becoming...it฀is฀not฀a฀process฀ that฀inishes฀when฀it฀reaches฀a฀certain฀goal,฀ but฀a฀condition฀of฀existence—a฀necessity฀to฀ change฀in฀order฀to฀remain฀the฀same.฀฀ —Ronald Brady Goethe฀and฀the฀Sciences The traditional view of form: loci in space as a unity Distinct฀loci฀in฀space฀are฀seen฀as฀a฀unity฀and฀ involve฀distinctions฀of฀here฀and฀there.฀ The฀loci฀are฀outside฀one฀another,฀and฀thus฀ unrelated. ‘Succession’ as a way of viewing form as: loci in time as a unity Form฀as฀transformative฀process฀in฀time involving฀distinctions฀of฀before฀and฀after.฀ The฀positions฀of฀a฀succession฀exclude฀ one฀another฀by฀a฀distinction฀in฀time฀rather฀ than฀space฀and฀so฀are฀related. The฀forms฀of฀life฀are฀not฀‘inished฀work’฀but฀ always฀forms฀becoming,฀and฀their฀‘potency฀to฀ be฀otherwise’฀is฀an฀immediate฀aspect฀of฀ their฀internal฀constitution...their฀‘potency’฀is฀ ‘self-derived’฀in฀that฀it฀is฀inherent฀in฀their identity฀with฀the฀whole. ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ —Ronald Brady฀฀฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ Goethe฀and฀the฀Sciences Goethe’s฀Urplanze฀was฀an฀ attempt฀to฀visualize฀every฀ potential฀form฀that฀could฀be฀ manifested฀in฀a฀lowering฀ plant—not฀for฀the฀purpose฀ of฀imaging฀such฀a฀plant฀ could฀exist,฀but฀rather฀to฀ demonstrate฀the฀potentialities฀of฀form฀that฀exist฀within฀the฀totality฀of฀‘plant’. We฀can฀think฀of฀the฀‘whole’฀itself฀as฀all expressions฀of฀form฀that฀manifest as฀well฀as฀those฀that฀will฀exist฀purely฀as potentials.฀The฀whole฀always฀includes the฀potency฀to฀be฀otherwise. The 4 stages of Goethe’s scientiic process Mapped฀against฀the฀Jungian฀Mandala 0. First Impression Feeling 2. Exact Sensorial Imagination Intuitive pre-conception Imagination (water element) Something captivates your interest and pulls you in. In a mood of calm, openess you ask the phenomenon ‘who are you’, letting it speak in its own terms. Note impressions, feelings and memories related to your own history/experience and let them go, returning to the phenomenon itself. Make a non-representational sketch or ‘mood drawing’ to record your impressions. Bring your observations of the parts of the phenomenon together in your imagination to experience the unity of the generative process. What you observed as static, disconnected parts are brought inward and made luid as dynamic process in time. he imagination is used as a tool of perception to visualize the ‘coming into being’ of the organism and its journey in the future to death/decay. It is only in this way that we can come to know the ‘absent whole’ of the phenomenon, which is a temporal being. Sensation Intuition Perception (earth element) E v 1. Exact Sense Perception N o n E v a l u a t i v e l u a t i v e he irst step on a journey ‘through the parts’ to the ‘whole’ phenomenon. Undertake a detailed observation of the parts of the phenomenon that can only be perceived outwardly through the full range of our senses. Suspend judgement and preconceptions as you observe all apsects of the phenomenon in an open, listening mood of wonder. View it as if for the irst time. 3. Encountering the Whole Inspiration (air element) Now active perception and imagining is stilled as you assume a posture of receptive attentiveness in order to let the phenomenon reveal something of its essential nature. he dynamic transformation envisioned in the previous stage is deepened to reveal the ‘formative gesture’ of the organism or its ‘life-principles’. Such gestures are oten realized as sudden insights that disclose the ‘whole’ phenomenon that is always present, but never seen. Thinking 4. Becoming One with the Phenomenon Intuition (ire element) Ater grasping the essential gesture of the organism and encountering ‘the whole’ in the previous step, you now go deeper into the phenomenon. he objective is to transcend the particular organism and come to recognize its ‘archetype’. hrough intuitive perception we merge with the organism to grasp its inherent meaning or ‘creative potency’. hrough inner work we ‘think from the parts through to the whole’ and arrive at its essence or archetype. Goethe saw this as pure ‘theory’ and believed this was the deepest level of understanding to be achieved. With this step an investigative/observational process involving the ‘whole person’ is achieved. Goethean฀Process 1. Exact Sense Perception Perception:฀Earth This฀is฀the฀irst฀step฀on฀a฀journey฀‘through฀the฀parts’ to฀the฀‘whole’฀phenomenon.฀A฀detailed฀observation is฀undertaken,฀observing฀and฀recording฀only฀those฀parts that฀can฀be฀perceived฀by฀the฀full฀range฀of฀our฀senses. Judgement฀and฀preconceptions฀are฀suspended,฀as฀the particpant฀observes฀the฀phenomenon฀in฀an฀open, listening฀mood฀of฀‘wonder’.฀The฀phenomenon฀and฀its manifestations฀are฀viewed฀as฀if฀‘for฀the฀irst฀time.’ Goethean฀observation of฀the฀‘parts’฀of฀a฀Red฀Maple Goethean฀Process 2. Exact Sensorial Imagination Imagination:฀Water Observation฀of฀‘parts’฀from฀the฀previous฀step฀are฀now brought฀together฀in฀the฀imagination฀in฀order฀to experience฀the฀luid฀unity฀of฀the฀generative฀process. What฀was฀previously฀viewed฀as฀static,฀disconnected฀parts are฀now฀imagined฀as฀luid฀process฀in฀time.฀Here฀ the฀imagination฀is฀used฀as฀a฀focused/precise฀tool฀for visualizing฀the฀coming฀into฀being฀of฀form฀and฀its journey฀through฀maturation,฀death฀and฀decay.฀It฀is only฀in฀this฀way฀that฀we฀can฀come฀to฀know฀and understand฀the฀‘absent฀whole’฀of฀the฀phenomenon which฀is฀a฀dynamic,฀temporal฀being. Imagining฀the฀‘coming฀into฀being’฀of฀the฀ phenomenon฀closes฀the฀gaps฀between฀discrete฀ observations฀and฀allows฀one฀to฀go฀beyond฀ what฀perception฀gives฀us.฀Drawing฀during฀this฀ process฀can฀enable฀us฀to฀‘embody’฀the฀transformation Goethean฀Process 3. Encountering the Whole Inspiration:฀Air Active฀perception฀and฀imagining฀are฀stilled฀as the฀observer฀assumes฀a฀posture฀of฀receptive attentiveness฀in฀order฀to฀let฀the฀phenomenon reveal฀something฀of฀its฀essential฀nature.฀In฀the previous฀steps,฀the฀observer฀has฀been฀in฀an active฀mode,฀observing฀a฀passive฀phenomenon. Now฀the฀roles฀reverse฀and฀the฀observer฀makes space฀for฀the฀phenomenon฀to฀‘come฀forth’. The฀dynamic฀transformation฀envisioned฀in฀the previous฀stage฀often฀provides฀the฀context฀for the฀phenomenon฀to฀reveal฀its฀‘formative฀gesture’ or฀‘life฀principles’.฀Such฀gestures฀are฀often experienced฀as฀sudden฀insights฀that฀disclose฀the ‘whole’฀phenomenon฀that฀is฀always฀present,฀ but฀not฀perceptible฀in฀the฀normal฀mode฀of฀seeing. Goethean฀Process 4. Becoming One with the Phenomenon Intuition:฀Fire After฀grasping฀the฀essential฀gesture฀of฀the฀organism and฀encountering฀‘the฀whole’฀in฀the฀previous฀step, you฀now฀go฀deeper฀into฀the฀phenomenon.฀The฀objective is฀to฀transcend฀the฀particular฀organism฀and฀come฀to recognize฀its฀‘archetype’.฀Through฀intuitive฀perception we฀merge฀with฀the฀organism฀to฀grasp฀its฀inherent meaning฀or฀‘creative฀potency’.฀Through฀inner฀work฀we ‘think฀from฀the฀parts฀through฀to฀the฀whole’฀and฀arrive at฀its฀essence฀or฀archetype.฀Goethe฀saw฀this฀as฀pure ‘theory’฀and฀believed฀this฀was฀the฀deepest฀level฀of฀understanding฀to฀be฀achieved.฀With฀this฀step฀an฀investigative/ observational฀process฀involving฀the฀‘whole฀person’฀is achieved.฀Inherent฀in฀this฀step฀is฀the฀building฀of฀a฀deep relationship฀over฀time฀without฀prejudice฀or฀agenda. A฀Goethean฀study฀ of฀two฀‘beings’ ฀ 3.฀The฀Relevance฀for฀Design Focusing฀on฀dynamic,฀temporal฀relationships฀ instead฀of฀‘things’. Looking฀for฀unity฀among฀seemingly฀unrelated phenomena฀(looking฀for฀relationship฀in฀the coming฀into฀being฀of฀form(s).฀The฀pattern฀that connects. Designing฀for฀dynamic฀process:฀coming฀into฀ being฀and฀passing฀out฀again. Authentic฀Wholes฀vs. Multiplicity฀with฀Unity Counterfeit฀Wholes vs.฀unity฀within฀Multiplicity We฀see฀patterns฀and฀make฀connections฀based฀upon฀limited฀understanding.฀ Goethe฀called฀for฀a฀more฀thorough฀observation฀that฀aimed฀at฀seeing฀and฀ comprehending฀authentic฀wholes. These฀wholes฀were/are temporal฀and฀dynamic in฀nature. We฀observe฀separate฀and฀unrrelated฀phenomena฀ and฀proceed฀to฀look฀for฀similarities฀and฀relationships฀ that฀we฀impose.฀We฀miss฀the฀unity฀of฀authentic฀ relationships... > When฀Goethe฀speaks฀of฀‘letting฀the฀phenomenon฀come฀forth’฀he฀is฀referring to฀viewing฀it฀from฀both฀sides.฀In฀seeking฀to฀understand฀its฀‘coming฀into being’฀we฀begin฀to฀see฀the฀invisible฀‘whole’฀or฀underlying฀unity฀and฀lawfulness฀which฀expresses฀itself฀in฀multiplicity... > < What฀Goethe฀means฀by฀metamorphosis–whether฀in฀the฀organs฀ of฀the฀plant,฀the฀members฀of฀a฀single฀plant฀family,฀or฀the฀ plant฀kingdom฀as฀a฀whole฀—฀is...dynamical฀self-difference฀in฀which฀ the฀One฀produces฀different฀mainifestations฀of฀itself.”฀ —Henri Bortoft [Goethe฀believed฀that]฀within฀a฀single฀plant,฀the฀leaf฀continually฀transforms฀itself฀into฀the฀calyx,฀the฀petals฀and฀even฀into฀the฀pistil...moreover฀the฀same฀organ฀is฀continually฀transforming฀itself฀from฀plant฀to฀ plant...Goethe฀called฀this฀formative฀principle฀the฀‘archetypal฀plant’฀or฀ ‘Urplanze’.”฀ —Walter Heitler, Examples of ‘multiplicity within unity’ Diversity of expression within the plant family ‘Rosaceae’ Blackberry Apple Strawberry Rose Examples of ‘multiplicity within unity’ Diversity of expression within a leaf sequence from Raphanus Raphanistrum An฀adaptation฀of฀Goethean฀process for฀the฀observation฀of฀a฀man-made฀artifact 3. Impressions 5. Desire/Need Qualitative analysis. What impressions, feelings, judgemens and preconceptions does the object evoke? Purpose & signiicance for daily life and culture. What need or desire led to the object’s invention? 2. Perceiving the ‘Whole’ Object How the object came to be and how it will pass out of being again. How was it made? How is it used? How will it ‘die’ and ‘decay’? 4. Design 6. Temporal Context he birth of the concept. Who designed and developed it? Where and why? What should we know/ understand about them? Mapping the phenomenon’s ‘family tree’ of origin. What preceded it? What was its context? How will it evolve? What might it lead to? 1. Observing the Object 7. The Archetype he physical: form & material. Discovering the properties of the object. What is it made of? Discovering ‘the essence’ of the phenomenon. What is it’s ‘universal’ or ‘Ur’ form? What is the ‘meta-concept? What worldview did it arise out of? The Speciic The General Examining the object (internal) Examining its context (external) Henri฀Bortoft฀makes฀a฀distinction฀between฀‘authentic’฀and฀ ‘counterfeit’฀wholes.฀In฀an฀authentic฀whole,฀the฀parts฀belong฀together,฀ in฀a฀counterfeit฀whole฀they฀belong฀together,฀implying฀their฀ association฀is฀forced฀or฀imposed.฀ He฀also฀talks฀about฀the฀‘intentionality’฀of฀consciousness;฀“in฀cognitive฀ perception฀there฀is฀an฀indissoluble฀unity฀between฀the฀conscious฀mind฀and฀ the฀object฀of฀which฀it฀is฀conscious.”฀ Does฀the฀intention฀directed฀into฀the฀object฀or฀action฀in฀its฀creation฀ and฀the฀intention฀that฀continues฀during฀use,฀create฀meaning฀or฀unity฀ among฀these฀separate฀artifacts,฀environments฀and฀actions฀over฀time?฀ Is฀the฀absent฀‘whole’฀or฀‘One’฀created฀through฀intent฀and฀repetition฀ over฀time?฀Do฀these฀separate฀phenomena฀grow฀to฀belong฀together?฀ Can฀this฀type฀of฀unity฀be฀created฀with฀any฀group฀of฀artifacts?฀Can฀ a฀single฀artefact฀or฀group฀of฀artifacts฀acquire฀‘wholeness’฀or฀‘unity’฀ over฀time? Is฀it฀possible฀to฀ind฀examples฀of฀฀‘multiplicity฀within฀unity’฀in฀the฀world฀ of฀man-made฀artefacts? Can฀an฀archetype฀such฀as฀‘Axe’฀be฀a฀unity฀ that฀expresses฀itself฀in฀multiplicty฀over฀ time?฀Can฀there฀be฀both฀authentic฀and฀ inauthentic฀expressions? Axe฀as฀archetype Examples฀of฀axes฀from฀the฀stone฀age to฀present฀time.฀Where฀is฀authenticity/ wholeness฀present?฀ Does฀a฀continuous฀lineage฀of฀‘craft’,฀where฀design฀reinements฀happen฀slowly฀ and฀iteratively฀as฀the฀result฀of฀knowledge฀accrued฀over฀the฀span฀of฀generations฀ produce฀‘authentic฀wholes’?฀At฀what฀point฀does฀a฀form฀become฀inauthentic? What฀distinguishes฀an฀authentic฀‘whole’฀from฀a฀counterfeit? Examples฀of฀hand-crafted฀and฀two฀mass-produced฀axes. Are฀designed฀artefacts฀and฀actions฀associated฀with฀rituals examples฀of฀‘multiplicity฀within฀unity’? Components฀of฀the฀Japanese฀Tea฀Ceremony฀have฀‘belonged฀together’฀ for฀over฀1,000฀years... Is฀it฀possible฀to฀incoporate฀these different฀‘observational฀modes’฀into the฀design฀process?฀Can฀we change฀the฀way฀in฀which฀we ‘see’฀our฀design฀problems within฀their฀context฀and approach฀form-giving฀in฀a different฀way? 2. Exact Sensorial Imagination Imagination (water element) E v N o n 1. Exact Sense Perception Perception (earth element) E v a l u a t i v e l u a t i v e Sensation Feeling 3. Encountering the Whole Inspiration (air element) Thinking Intuition 4. Becoming One with the Phenomenon Intuition (ire element) Focusing฀on฀dynamic,฀temporal฀relationships฀ instead฀of฀‘things’. Looking฀for฀unity฀among฀seemingly฀unrelated phenomena฀(looking฀for฀relationship฀in฀the coming฀into฀being฀of฀form(s).฀The฀pattern฀that connects. Designing฀for฀dynamic฀process:฀coming฀into฀ being฀and฀passing฀out฀again. Incorporating฀other฀ways฀of฀knowing฀into฀the design฀process. Natural฀form฀can฀act฀as฀a฀guide฀for฀how฀to฀‘be’฀ in฀the฀world฀and฀how฀to฀appropriately฀bring฀ forth฀form฀into฀it. Thank฀you. Goethe’s฀Science฀of฀Living฀Form,฀Nigel฀Hoffmann Goethe’s฀Way฀of฀Science,฀David฀Seamon,฀Arthur฀Zajonc,฀editors Extraordinary฀Plan฀Qualities฀for฀Biodynamics,฀Bockemuhl/Jarvinen Enlivening฀the฀Chakra฀of฀the฀Heart,฀Florin฀Lowndes Goethe,฀T.J.฀Reed A฀Theory฀of฀Knowledge,฀Rudolf฀Steiner฀ Goethe’s฀Scientific฀Consciousness,฀Henri฀Bortoft The฀Wholeness฀of฀Nature,฀Henri฀Bortoft Goethe฀and฀Palladio,฀David฀Lowe฀and฀Simon฀Sharp Nature’s฀Open฀Secret,฀Rudolf฀Steiner The฀Natural฀Philosophy฀of฀Plant฀Form,฀Agnes฀Arber The฀Mind฀and฀the฀Eye,฀Agnes฀Arber Spinoza,฀Roger฀Scruton Goethe฀and฀the฀Sciences,฀Amrine,฀Zucker฀and฀Wheeler Heidegger,฀Richard฀Polt Exploring฀Phenomenology,฀David฀Stewart฀and฀Algis฀Mickunas The฀Spell฀of฀the฀Sensuous,฀David฀Abram