The perception of pain can vary greatly between individuals, says Marla Ahlgrimm. However, research has consistently shown that women tend to have a higher pain tolerance than men in many circumstances. While the exact reasons for the disparity are highly complex, hormones are suggested to play a role. Today, Ahgrimm looks at a few of these and provides some insight into current understanding of this intriguing phenomenon.
Endogenous Opioids
Endogenous opioids, such as endorphins, are neurotransmitters that act as natural painkillers within the body, says Marla Ahlgrimm. Studies show that women may have a higher level of endogenous opioids, which may contribute to greater pain tolerance. The menstrual cycle, which is characterized by fluctuations, may influence opioid release, potentially explaining variations in pain sensitivity within the menstrual cycle.
Estrogen
Marla Ahlgrimm has spoken before about estrogen, the primary female sex hormone. This hormone has been implicated in pain modulation and perception. Research suggests that estrogen can enhance the effect of endogenous opioids, which may lead to increased pain tolerance in women. Marla Ahlgrimm explains that estrogen receptors are found in various areas of the central nervous system, including the regions involved in pain processing. It’s believed that fluctuations in estrogen levels during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause may contribute to the differences in pain sensitivity.
Progesterone
Another key female sex hormone that’s been linked to pain is progesterone. Marla Ahlgrimm says that studies suggest that progesterone may have an analgesic effect, which means it reduces pain sensitivity. Progesterone receptors are present in the brain and throughout the spinal cord, where they interact with pain pathways. Changes in a woman’s hormone levels can influence progesterone, which may impact their individual perception of pain.
Oxytocin
The love hormone oxytocin is involved in various social and reproductive functions, says Marla Ahlgrimm. Oxytocin may also play a role in pain perception by promoting pain relief and reducing sensitivity. Marla Ahlgrimm explains that women typically have a higher basal level of oxytocin than men, and that may lead them to having a higher pain tolerance than their brothers and fathers. Further, oxytocin release during childbirth perpetuates social bonds and influences pain perception in these moments.
Stress Response
Women typically exhibit different stress responses compared to men, and these can also impact the perception of pain. According to Marla Ahlgrimm, the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis, which plays a role in the stress response, also interacts with pain pathways. Women’s hormonal fluctuations, especially during their menstrual cycles, can influence HPA axis activity. The stress hormone cortisol may also have a numbing effect.
Sociocultural Factors
While hormones absolutely influence and play a significant role in women’s pain tolerance, Marla Ahlgrimm says it’s essential to also acknowledge social and cultural factors that might influence our observation of pain tolerance. Societal expectations, gender roles, and local influence may shape the perception and expression of pain. Marla Ahlgrimm says this means that some women are believed to experience less pain than others because of their stereotype or role in life.
While women’s pain tolerance is higher compared to men’s, it’s a complex phenomenon influenced by many factors, including hormones and society. However, there is no doubt that women seem to exhibit greater pain tolerance than men, despite the physical differences that make us smaller and less muscular than our male counterparts. Ultimately, Marla Ahlgrimm says that our pain tolerance means that we’re tougher than we look!