Although compressors are probably the most important element in the mixing toolbox (after equalizers), a lot of ambiguity and confusion surround them as their parameters and how they effect incoming audio are more subtle. In this segment of our ongoing series, we will try to clear up some of the mysteries surrounding compression by looking at different types of compressors, a few compression techniques, and how to implement those techniques in our project.
What is Compression?
Compression is basically the lowering of high amplitude signals of an incoming audio source to 'compress' the range between the high and low amplitudes of the signal. This is often done in mixing to catch attack transients on instruments such as drums and bass to even out the level of the entire instrument to ensure that it can be heard in its entirety at a fairly consistent level. (This differs from compression in mastering which is largely used to even out the level of an entire song, which we will not get into here.)
To illustrate this, imagine a single acoustic bass note which has a high amplitude attack phase and a low amplitude release phase. Placing a compressor on this signal will decrease the initial attack amplitude, thereby making the amplitude of the entire note event more consistent. In this way, the entire signal can then be raised in amplitude to increase the loudness of the overall signal.
Compressor Types
Compressors come in many different types which are designed for use in different instances. Logic comes with several different types which can be accessed through the 'circuit type' drop down menu in the onboard compressor. Your DAW may or may not have these circuit type options, but the circuit types modeled in Logic are based on tried and true analogue compressor types that are prevalent throughout the analogue and digital mixing worlds.
Platinum
This is the standard Logic compressor type (not a model) that is fairly straightforward and neutral. I usually use this for side-chaining (explained a bit later) as it is easy to set up and gives good pumping results without coloring the sound.
CLASSA_R & CLASSA_U
These circuit types are based on classic variable-µ compressors which use vacuum tubes and characteristically give smooth compression curves and a warm coloring. A good example of a variable-µ compressor is the Fairchild 670.
VCA: Voltage Control Amplifier
This circuit type is good for high amplitude transients as it responds quickly and can handle a high amount of level. VCA compressors are one the most flexible compression types as they can be extremely transparent. A famous example of a VCA would be the dbx 160S.
FET: Field Effect Transistor
The FET circuit type has a very fast attack and release and can not handle a high amount of level. It is similar to the variable-µ compressor, but with coloring characteristics more akin to saturation than tube warmth. This type is the go-to in many studios for drums and vocals. A good example of this is the UREI 1176.
Opto: Optical Isolator
Optical Isolator compressors are interesting in that they use a light source to control amplitude. As the input amplitude increases, the internal light source increases in brightness, shines on a photoconductive cell which in turn decreases the output. These compressors are good for bass guitar, vocals, master or whatever else you want to be fattened up. A good classic example of this is the Teletronix LA2A.
It is important to note that NONE of the above models are meant to be emulations of any one type of compressor, but are modeled after the general characteristics and limitations of that specific type of compressor. It is also important not to get too caught up in using any one type of compressor for a single type of instrument all the time. Experiment around and if it sounds good, use it.
Setting the Compressor
Although much has been written on the subject, here is a brief rundown of a good way to set the compressor's settings:
-
Set the threshold level so that the gain reduction meter begins to pump in time with your sound. Anywhere from 3-6 dB of reduction is probably a good place to start as you will hear the effects of the compressor on your sound without dramatically altering it.
-
Set the attack time. Do this by starting with the fastest attack time possible (very quick reduction of transient amplitude) and then slowly back off until you have a natural sound with a clear attack .
-
Set the release time by starting with the slowest release time possible (very slow rebound of transient amplitude) and then slowly clamp down until the sound pumps in time with the music.
-
Set the ratio (the ratio between input amplitude and output amplitude) and knee (how harshly or gradually the signal is compressed at the threshold) to taste.
-
Go back and tweak settings as desired to make the compressor 'breathe' in time with the music. A good way of making sure of this is to set the release time to a value that is in time with your music. (E.g. tempo is 120 and release is set to 500 ms to make a quarter note.)
Compressor Techniques
Once you are comfortable using the compressor, we can start to have a bit of fun with it outside of its normal usage. Here are a few techniques to try out.
Side Chain Compression
This is a commonly used trick for kick drum and bass to keep the low end sounding clear, but can be used creatively for just about anything. Basically, what is going on here is the amplitude of one signal is going to dictate how the compressor responds to a second signal. To do this you simply need to go to the side chain menu of the compressor (if available) and select the input you want to be used to dictate the compressor's response.
A general go-to (and one that I am employing in this project) is to put a compressor on the bass and have the kick used as a side chain. With this routing, the bass will be compressed every time the kick hits, thereby reducing the level of the bass during the kick hit and allowing the kick to punch through.
Serial Compression
This is another commonly used trick when just one compressor won't do the trick, or when using side chain compression and the signal needs to be compressed even when the side chain is not active (e.g. in bass tracks to control the attack transients). For this, you simply need to place a compressor so that it follows a first compressor in the signal path. This method is always preferable to compressing a signal with a high gain ratio once as it alleviates the stress put on a single compressor. A good rule of thumb is to compress often and with a low ratio rather than infrequently and with a high ratio.
Parallel Compression
Parallel compression is a very popular technique in which the mixing engineer takes a signal (a kick drum for example) and sends it to two different channels, one of which has heavy compression on it and the other is dry. The two signals are then recombined and mixed to create a kick with the in-your-face punch of the heavily compressed signal while retaining the dynamic information of the dry signal.
A quick way of getting parallel compression out of Logic's compressor is to open the advanced parameters disclosure menu (the triangle in the lower left) and adjust the mix level of the compressor. Moving the slider to the left will automatically give you parallel compression as you are now mixing the wet and dry signal of the compressor.
Implementation
Here is an A/V rundown of how I implemented a few of the above ideas in our project. It's by no means perfect, but it is definitely making things sound much better than where they were.
Kick
Snare
Closed Hi-Hat
Open Hi-Hat
Clap
Rim
Drum Sub
Bass Side Chain
Bass Serial
Piano
Synth
Vox.
Before/After Compression
In the next tut, we'll start to look at some creative effects and routing ideas to help shape this track into something that is uniquely our own. See you then.
